Biodiversity is at the heart of Albania’s environmental and economic future, says Dr. Emirjeta Adhami of Institute for Nature Conservation in Albania (INCA). In an exclusive interview, she highlights the critical role freshwater ecosystems play in supporting local livelihoods, ensuring climate resilience, and fostering cultural identity.

Education is central to INCA’s strategy. Through initiatives like the CLEEN Project and Natura 2000 programs, INCA has equipped thousands of educators and community members with tools to understand and protect their natural environment. Such efforts have mobilized communities across Albania to embrace conservation and sustainable practices.

However, challenges persist. Overexploitation, weak governance, and the effects of climate change threaten Albania’s rich natural heritage. Dr. Adhami underscores the need for stronger environmental policies, community-based resource management, and international collaboration to preserve biodiversity for future generations.

With a comprehensive approach that blends scientific research, education, and grassroots engagement, Albania has the opportunity to position itself as a regional leader in biodiversity conservation—balancing development with ecological preservation.

1. Dr. Adhami, how do you see the connection between biodiversity and the well-being of local communities, particularly in the context of freshwater ecosystems?

Biodiversity and community well-being are deeply intertwined, especially in freshwater ecosystems. These ecosystems provide essential resources like clean water, fish, and plants, directly supporting local livelihoods and health. They also deliver critical ecosystem services—water filtration, flood regulation, and nutrient cycling—that benefit agriculture, tourism, and public health.

Beyond material benefits, freshwater ecosystems hold cultural and spiritual significance, shaping community identities and heritage. Importantly, diverse ecosystems are more resilient to climate change, ensuring continued resources and protection against extreme weather. Conserving these ecosystems isn’t just an environmental imperative—it’s vital for economic stability and community resilience.

2. You emphasize the importance of education in nature conservation. Can you share examples of how INCA’s educational programs have inspired action in Albania?

INCA has been at the forefront of integrating environmental education into Albanian communities. A few highlights include:

• CLEEN Project: In collaboration with UNICEF, we trained over 3,000 educators between 2008 and 2011 to introduce environmental education in primary schools across nine regions. This initiative laid the foundation for environmental literacy among young Albanians.
• “Call the Schools to Action”: Through this campaign, INCA engaged 20 schools near protected areas, training 70 teachers and involving over 300 students in study visits to raise awareness of local biodiversity.
• “From Mountain to the Sea”: This program promoted sustainable tourism and biodiversity education in coastal and marine protected areas. It targeted schools, tourists, and fishermen, fostering community-led conservation.
• Natura 2000 Initiative: INCA developed tailored educational kits and conducted open classes near pilot sites, equipping teachers and students with tools to understand and support Albania’s biodiversity under this European framework.

These programs demonstrate how targeted education can mobilize communities and foster long-term environmental stewardship.

3. What are the biggest challenges to ensuring sustainable resource use, and how can communities address these issues?

The sustainable use of natural resources faces several obstacles:

• Overexploitation: Unsustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and fishing deplete resources and damage ecosystems.
• Inequitable Benefits: Local communities often bear environmental costs while others profit.
• Governance Gaps: Weak regulations and enforcement hinder conservation efforts.
• Economic Pressures: Short-term economic goals often override long-term sustainability.

Communities can play a transformative role by adopting sustainable practices, engaging in resource management, and advocating for stronger environmental policies. Community-based resource management, coupled with education and partnerships with NGOs and governments, empowers locals to balance development with conservation. By being active stewards, communities ensure equitable and sustainable use of resources.

4. Climate change poses significant threats to biodiversity, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. How does your work tackle these challenges, and what role do local communities play in adaptation?

Our approach integrates scientific research, conservation projects, and community engagement to address climate impacts on freshwater ecosystems.

• Scientific Research: We monitor water quality, species populations, and ecosystem health to guide adaptation strategies.
• Restoration Projects: Activities like wetland restoration and reforestation enhance ecosystem resilience.
• Community Involvement: Local workshops and education campaigns empower communities to adopt sustainable practices and mitigate climate risks.
• Policy Advocacy: We provide scientific recommendations to policymakers, ensuring climate resilience is a priority.
• Capacity Building: Training in sustainable agriculture, water conservation, and biodiversity management equips communities to respond effectively to climate challenges.

Local communities are essential partners in this process. Their traditional knowledge complements scientific research, while their active participation ensures conservation measures are practical, inclusive, and sustainable.

5. Looking ahead, what is the most critical step Albania can take to preserve its natural heritage and biodiversity?

Albania must adopt a comprehensive, multi-pronged approach to conservation:

• Expand Protected Areas: Ensure effective management and coverage of key ecosystems.
• Community Engagement: Mobilize locals through education and direct involvement in conservation.
• Sustainable Practices: Promote responsible farming, fishing, and forestry to reduce environmental impact.
• Climate Adaptation: Develop strategies to mitigate climate risks and protect vulnerable habitats.
• Policy and Enforcement: Strengthen environmental legislation and crack down on illegal activities harming biodiversity.
• Research and Monitoring: Invest in scientific studies to track and address threats.
• International Collaboration: Leverage global partnerships to share knowledge and resources.

By aligning development goals with ecological priorities, Albania can safeguard its biodiversity for future generations while fostering sustainable growth. This dual focus on conservation and community resilience positions the country as a model for integrating environmental protection into national development.

Emirjeta Adhami, Dr.

Freshwater and climate change expert

Institute for Nature Conservation in Albania